Trail laid by the handler. Between 350 and 400 paces long, at least 20 minutes old, with two objects and two right angles, 10 metre long tracking leash or tracking off the leash. The laying of the trail is supervised by the Judge, who takes account af the location of the terrain and the lie of the land.

The beginning of the trail must be clearly marked by means af a stake driven into the ground to the left af the starting point.

To lay the trail the handler approaches from behind, stands to the right of the stake, drives it into the ground and waits on the spot for a moment. After receiving the necessary instructions from the judge he proceeds to lay the trail, setting down, with no change af pace, the first object half way along the first or the second straight, The second object is set down at the end of the trail. The handler walks on another few paces in the same direction before taking a detour back to the starting point. The handler may perform the tracking exercise with his dog on a tracking leash or allow the dog to track off the leash. Both methods are authorized and will be judged equally.

The time taken by the dog on the trail cannot exceed 15 minutes. After this time the judge will call a halt to the exercise.

Before laying the trail the handler must show the objects to the judge. They must be everyday objects of the following size: 15 cm long, 5 or 6 cm wide and 2 or 3 cm thick, The objects are to be given to the handler about a quarter of a hour before he sets out to lay the trail. While the trail is being laid the dog is to be kept out of the range of vision. The setting down of the objects must not create hotspots or interfere with the scent of the trail. At no time must the trail layer stop or scuff the ground. The objects must be placed on the trail and not alongside it.

The handler goes to his dog and prepares it for the tracking. When called, he reports to the judge and states whether his dog will pick up or point out the objects. The combination of both methods (picking up and pointing out) on the same trail is not authorized and will be penalized.

At the judge's command the dog is led slowly and calmly to the starting point so it can pick up the trail. The dog must not be subjected to any form of constraint while it is being prepared for the trail, brought to the trail or during the tracking itself. The dog shall be given sufficient time to get the scent at the beginning of the trail. It is essential that any instinct to rush or to chase should be avoided.

The dog must take up the trail calmly and assiduously.

When the dog moves off from the starting point the handler remains still until the tracking leash has been extended to its full length. He then follows his dog, maintaining a distance of about 10 metres, The same distance must be observed if the dog is tracking off the leash, Whichever the method used the dog should work calmly, permitting the handler to follow at walking pace. As soon as the dog finds an object it must pick it up or point it out clearly and convincingly without any interference from the handler. If the dog picks up the objects it is allowed to remain standing, to sit or to carry the object back to the handler. Picking up the object while lying down or continuing to move forward while holding the object are faults, If the dog points out the objects it is allowed to do so sitting. standing or lying down. The handler draps the tracking leash and joins the dog immediately. He signals to the judge that the object has been found by holding it high above his head. The dog is then put back on the trail at the place where the object was found. At the end of the exercise the objects are presented to the judge, Handlers are allowed to approach their dogs once they have picked up an object, Dogs that continue on their way after picking up an object are penalized, The tracking leash does not have to be taut. it may be slack.

The tracking leash must be attached to the dog's chest harness or Böttcher harness, or, if the dog is not wearing either of these, to its collar, Tracking off the leash is also permitted.

The use of separate additional reins is not allowed.

The handler is free to decide how he uses the leash.

The dog is not penalized for sniffing the stake marking the beginning of the trail,

If the handler leaves the trail by a distance exceeding the length of.the leash, the exercise is called to a halt.

If the dog leaves the trail and is held back by the handler, the judge shall order the handler to follow his dog.

Should this reoccur, the exercise shall be called to a halt.

Putting the dog on the trail in an incorrect manner, wandering, repeated meanderings at the turns in the trail, continual encouragements, picking up or pointing out in an incorrect manner or dropping the objects shall be penalized by the loss of up to four points,

Putting the dog back on the trail repeatedly, wanderin far from the trail, tracking mainly with the nose up, a hasty gait, defecation, chasing field mice etc. shall be penalized by the loss of up to 8 points.

Each object not picked up or pointed out in conformity with the method described incurs a penalty of up to 4 points.

Failure to find an object incurs a penalty of 10 points.

The picking up or pointing out of an object unconnected with the trail layer incurs a penalty of 4 points.

Marked out of 100

Each exercise is begun and ended in the starting position. Each exercise begins on an order from the judge. After that any changes or direction, halts, changes of speed etc. are carried out without any order from the judge, However, the handler is permitted ta ask the judge to give these orders.

The change of pace from running to a slow gait must be instantaneous, without transition through a normal gait.

About-turns to the left may be made in either of the two ways. Halts must be executed in accordance with the IPO directions. When the dog is called back from the "facing" position to the "heel" position it may either sit down directly or do so after circling closely around the handler's legs.

Upon hearing the command "Heel" the dog, wearing collar and leash, must leave the starting position and follow its handler eagerly.

At the beginning of the exercise the handler and his dog walk in a straight line for around 40 to 50 paces without stopping. They then make an about-turn and after walking another 10 or 15 paces they demonstrate the running pace and the slow pace for a distance af at least 10 paces each.

They then demonstrate. at normal pace, at least one turn to the right. one turn to the left and one about-turn. The dog's shoulder must always remain in line with the handlerls left knee. It must not overtake, drop behind or shift sideways away from the handler. The handler must make the about-turn to the left. The audible command: "heel" may be given each time the handler moves off and at each change of pace, When the handler stops the dog must sit immediately without receiving any command. Once the handler has stopped he is not allowed to shift his position in order to close the gap between himself and his dog. During the exercises the leash is held in the left hand and must never be taut. On the judge's command the handler and his dog move through a group of at least four people and stop at least once within the group. The members of the group are in motion, If the dog hangs back, overtakes or moves away from the handler it is penalized. The handler is penalized for hesitating when changing direction.

On the judge's command the handler, standing ln the starting position. undoes the leash and slings it across his shoulder or puts it in his pocket, Then, with the dog at heel and off the leash, he immediately moves back into the group and stops at least once, After handler and dog have moved through the group and adopted the starting position, the rest of the exercise in following off the leash is the same as the exercise in following on the leash.

In the course of the exercise (but not while moving through the group) two shots will be fired (calibre 6-9 mm). The dog must remain indifferent to them. Frightened dogs will be eliminated from the competition. Dogs which become aggressive but remain under their handlers' control will be penalized. Only dogs that remain indifferent to the shots may be awarded full points.

Special attention should be paid to the dog's behaviour when the shots are fired, The latter shall be fired at a distance of 15 paces and at 5 seconds, interval. Dogs that shy away at the sound of the shots shall be eliminated. If the judge suspects that a dog is sensitive to the sound of the shots he is allowed to have several extra shots fired to see whether his opinion is confirmed. The "shots" test may only be carried out during the exercises in "following off the leash" and "lying off the leash with distraction,"

The handler and his dog (off the leash) leave the starting position and walk in a straight line at a normal pace. After at least 10 paces the audible command "Sit" is given and the dog must sit immediately without the handler turning around or changing pace. Having proceeded a further 30 paces the handler stops and turns around to face the dog. On the judge's command the handler returns to his dog, stands on its right and adopts the starting position. Dogs which do not sit but lie down or remain standing are penalized by the loss of up to 5 points.

The handler and his dog (off the leash) leave the starting position and walk in a straight line at a normal pace. After at least 10 paces the audible command "Down" is given and the dog must lie down immediately. Without giving any further command and without turning around the handler walks on for another 30 paces. He then turns round immediately to face the dog and stands still. On the judge's command the handler calls his dog. The dog must come to the handler swiftly and eagerly and on arrival sit down very close to the handler facing him. On the command "Heel" the dog must come to heel immediately. Dogs which adopt a different position in response to the command "Down" but come correctly when recalled are penalized by the loss of up to 5 points.

The dog sits on the left of the handler off the leash. The handler throws a personal possession a distance of about 10 paces, On the audible command "Fetch" - given once - the dog must move swiftly towards the object, seize it immediately, bring it back by the shortest possible route and sit down very close to the handler, facing him. After a few seconds, in response to the audible command "Give", the dog must return the object to its handler, on the audible command "Heel" the dog must come to heel. The handler may use any object the dog can carry rather than an object belonging to him if he desires, The handler must remain in the starting position until the end of the exercise.

Dogs that drop the object, play with it or chew it are penalized by the loss of up to 4 points. Handlers who leave the starting position are penalized by the loss of up to 3 points. If the dog fails to retrieve the object no points may be awarded.

The handler takes up position in front of the hedge at a suitable distance from it. His dog sits at his heel, off the leash. Instead of a personal possession the handler may use any object the dog can carry to throw over the hedge. The hedge must be solely composed of flexible branches. on receiving the audible commands "Jump" and "Fetch" the dog must jump over the hedge without touching it, quickly seize the object, jump back and sit down very close to the handler, facing him. It must hold the object for a few seconds and then, in response to the audible command "Give," return it to the handler. On the audible command "Heel" it must come to heel immediately.

The audible command "Fetch" must be given before the dog reaches the object.

For slightly brushing the hedge, penalty of up to 2 points, For clearly touching the hedge or springing off it slightly penalty of up to 3 points. For clearly springing off the hedge, dropping the object, playing with it or chewing it, penalty of up to 4 points.

Should the object thrown by the handler deviate significantly from the desired course and land outside the retrieval zone due to a strong crosswind or a clumsy throw, the handler, after receiving authorization from the judge, may retrieve the object and throw it again, No penalty shall be applied. Additional commands given by the handler without moving from the starting position are to be penalized.

Should the handler abandon the starting position to help or encourage his dog during the jumps over the hedge or back, the withdrawal of points must be envisaged.

Abandoning the starting position and going and touching the hedge is considered as the gravest of faults. In such a case no points may be awarded either for the initial jump or the return jump. The exercise shall be considered null and void. The handler must remain in the starting position until the exercise has been completed (dog back at heel).

If there are several hedges, the same one must be used by all the dogs,

On the judge's command the handler and his dog (off the leash) leave the starting position and walk in a straight line at a normal pace. After a few paces the audibie command "Go" is given in conjunction with a movement of the arm and the hand so that the dog is sent on ahead while the handler remains on the spot. The dog must move ahead swiftly in the direction indicated for at least 25 paces. Then, on receiving the audible command "Down" it must lie down immediately. The handler has the right to keep his hand raised until the dog is lying down, On the judge's command the handler joins his dog, takes up position on its right and gives the audible command to sit

Repetition of the visual signal is not permitted. The dog must move ahead in a straight line. A slight deviation will be tolerated. Wide deviation, moving forward too short a distance, hesitating befor lying down or doing so without waiting for the handler's command and shifting position as the handler approaches may be penalized.

Immediately before another dog starts its obedience tests, the handler makes his dog lie down at a distance of about 40 paces without putting down the leash or any other object near the dog. Then, remaining within the dog's sight, he walks away from the dog for about 40 paces without turning round, stops and stands still with his back to the dog. The dog must remain lying down without any action by the handler until the following dog has been put through its exercises from 1 to 6. Once exercise 6 has been completed the dog left lying down is reclaimed by its handler. Identical procedure exercise 7.

The spot where the dog is to lie down is indicated by the judge. The handler, who stands with his back to the dog, goes back to reclaim it when ordered to do so by the judge. Faults in the action of the handler such as turning around, making gestures etc. may be penalized. So may the dog for changing position as the handler approaches.

Marked out of 100

The terrain is about 100 m long and about 80 m wide with six hiding places situated along its length - three on each side. A "criminal" dressed in a full suit of protective clothing and equipped with a protective sleeve and a supple cane is in position in the last hiding place, out of sight of the dog. The handler takes up position with his dog (off the leash) on an imaginary line down the centre of the terrain opposite the fifth hiding place. On the judge's command, the handler starts the defence exercises, In response to brief audible signal, given by the handler in conjunction with movements of the left or right arm - which may be repeated - the dog must move away swiftly to explore the hiding places in the designated order, circling around them. The handler moves along the imaginary mid-way line and must not leave this line under any circumstances while the dog is searching for the criminal.

Each time the dog completes the exploration of a hiding place the handler may call it back by means of a brief audible signal and send it off again in another direction, also by means of a brief audible signal. The audible signal used for calling the dog back may be supplemented with the dog's normal name. The dog must be ahead of the handler at all times. The handler stops as soon as the dog reaches the last hiding place. No further audible signals are permitted.

The dog must hold the criminal at bay and bark continually at him without jumping at him or biting him. On the judge's command the handler approaches his dog at a normal pace, In response to a further command from the judge the handler and his dog take up the starting position one pace away from the criminal and the handler orders the latter to walk five paces out of the hiding place.

On the judge's command the handler emerges from the hiding place with his dog (off the leash) and takes up position 5 paces away from the criminal. He leaves the latter under the surveillance of the dog, which is in the sitting position. The handler then makes his way back towards the hiding place.

On the judge's command the criminal makes an escape attempt. In response to a single audible command from the handler the dog must grip the criminal immediately and without hesitation to prevent him from fleeing. On the judge's command the criminal stands still. Upon receiving a single audible command the dog must immediately release its grip and hold the criminal at bay.

When the dog has been guarding the criminal for about 5 seconds the criminal, at the judge's command, launches an attack on the dog, Without any intervention from the handler the dog must defend itself immediately by grasping the criminal in a firm grip, On the judge's command the criminal stands still. Upon receiving a single brief audible command the dog must release its grip immediately and hold the criminal at bay. The handler then joins his dog and calls it to heel. The criminal must not be disarmed.

The handler and his dog take up position in the middle of the terrain, more or less opposite the third hiding place. The dog must sit alongside the handler. The latter may hold it by the collar. At the judge's command the criminal, holding a cane, emerges from the sixth hiding place and moves towards the dog at a normal pace, When the criminal is about 30 paces from the handler with his dog still sitting at heel, the handler, on the judge's command, releases his dog. The handler must not move from his position, The criminal makes a frontal attack on the dog, shouting and provoking the animal with violent. threatening gestures. The dog must defend itself immediately by grasping the criminal in a firm grip.

As soon as the dog has grasped the criminal the latter hits it twice with the cane. Only blows to the hind quarters, the flanks and the shoulder region are permitted. At the judge's command the criminal then stands still. Upon receiving a single brief audible command the dog must immediately release its grip and hold the criminal at bay. On the judge's command the handler joins his dog, disarms the criminal and takes up position, with this dog, to escort the prisoner walking abreast.

The criminal is then escorted to the judge over a distance of about 20 paces, A brief audible command may be given at the outset, The handler walks on the criminal's right, so that the dog is positioned between the handler and the criminal. During the journey the dog must neither jump at nor bite the criminal, The group comes to a halt before the judge, to whom the handler hands over the cane. The criminal leaves the grounds. Once the exercises are completed the dog must :follow the handler at heel or remain sitting off the leash while the results are announced. After this the handler leaves the grounds with his dog following at heel off the leash.

The criminal must be dressed in a full suit of protective clothing (tunic, trousers and protective sleeve). The cane must be covered with a soft material, once the number af dogs performing the exercises reaches six, two criminals must be employed, The second one is to take over after the fifth exercise.

Circling closely and watchfully around the criminal (including in the hiding place) is not a fault, If during exercise 3 the dog pursues the criminal before receiving or without receiving the audible signal from the handler, the exercise is judged "unsatisfactory,"

If during exercise 5 the dog leaves its place prior to the judge's command, the exercise is judged "unsatisfactory."

If during the exercises involving biting the dog fails to release its grip after the brief audible signal has been given three times, the exercise is judged "unsatisfactory," If the dog still fails to release its grip after an additional signal, which may be delivered at the judge's command at a distance of 10 paces, the defence exercises are called to a halt,

Although the criminal must keep an eye on the dog, he does not have ta stand completely still, He must avoid provocative movements and defensive gestures.

He must protect his body with the protective sleeve.

The defence exercises are judged to have been failed in the following cases: